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Evolution Korea South Korea's democratic system is vulnerable to populist inclinations. Nonetheless, it is healthier than might be expected. The country is searching for an entirely new model of development. A Confucian culture that values respect for the ancestors and gendered family relations continues influence society. There are indications of a secularist cultural trend forming. Origins In prehistoric times the ancestors of the modern Koreans were able to survive by hunting and gathering wild foods. Around 10,000 years ago they began to cultivate millet and beans as well as other crops. They also raised livestock and made furs. These tribes formed tribal states one after the other in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also established an industry of metallurgy, which produced iron tools and bronze. They traded with other states and introduced cedon paper making, block printing art styles, as well as writing to Japan. Gojoseon was founded in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. The state embraced Chinese culture that included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. During this period the people of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon had a hierarchical structure with a monarch and senior officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy whereas the majority of the population were peasants. The state collected taxes from these people, and sometimes forced them to serve in the army or build fortifications. Onjo, a prince from Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong, the founder of Goguryeo and the state of Baekje at the close of the time. The new kingdom expanded its territory into the southwest of the peninsula and clashed with Goguryeo and China's commandos in the region. Baekje included elements of Confucian beliefs into its official beliefs and made the male centered concept of filiopiety as a law in 1390 CE. Under the cover of filiopiety fathers were responsible to their families. They had to be obeyed by all and respected by their grandchildren and children. Goryeo, which would rule from 918 to 1392 CE gave the world the Hangul alphabet that was based on the shapes formed by the mouth during pronunciation. This dramatically improved the communication between people and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and movable type were also improved. In 1145 CE, the Samguk Sagi or “History of the Three Kingdoms” was first recorded. Evolution in Korea The Korean peninsula has been continuously inhabited since Neolithic times and early evidence of human settlements are evident in the form of graves lined with stones, with precious goods like amazonite jewellery being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens, and made of large stones in a single piece, are prevalent throughout the country. In the first half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognized political state. The peninsula was then under the control of a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE) including Baekje and Goguryeo. The northern portion of the peninsula was for a while occupied by the Balhae Kingdom that historians do believe to be a true Korean state. Following the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, also known as the Several States Period. Baekje is the most powerful of these states was diminished by the fall of Goguryeo (676 CE) and was left with only its southern territories in Manchuria, and western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo as well as the Gaya confederacy, thrived for a short period of time. The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to cooperate in order to expand their territorial holdings. Silla with the aid of the Chinese, eventually conquered and united the peninsula in 935. As Korea enters the post-crisis era the development paradigm of the country appears to be in flux. The people who are awed by the enormous cost of the old systems advocate a comprehensive program of liberalization of capital, labor and product markets. On the other hand, people who support the old system try to keep it alive through nationalist sentiments and by stoking fears of job loss. Policy and academic analysts are starkly divided as to the extent to these two trends are driving Koreas development towards an economic model that is radically different from the one of governance. This article reviews the latest developments by analyzing five phases of Korea's political evolution that include the illiberal democratic period (1945-60), democratic authoritarianism (1961-72) and authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87), democratic paternalism (1987-2001), and democratic participation (2002 to present). This article also highlights the most important factors that are the driving force behind these developments. Creationism in Korea In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. Creationists have made strides in promoting their beliefs to this group. A survey from 2009 showed that almost one-third of respondents didn't believe in evolution. Of those, 41% said that there was insufficient scientific evidence to support the theory 39% believed it was contrary to their religious beliefs; and 17% said they did not know what it meant. This level of doubt is similar to that of the United States where a similar percentage of people do not believe that humans evolved from lesser advanced types of life. In the past, the anti-evolution movement in Korea was focused on the education of students and bringing Christ to them. In 1980 an all-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the keynote speakers. This event attracted a huge number of church leaders and scientists. The event's success led to the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31st in 1980. The meeting was covered extensively in the national press, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times. KACR began publishing a newsletter called CREATION. In it, the organization reported on its own activities and published articles on scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated a number of slides and film strips from ICR, as well as several books on creationism that were published outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures at universities and churches throughout the country. A KACR success was observed at KAIST University in Seoul. There, there were enough students fascinated by the concept of creationism that they raised the money and support needed to build an on-campus museum with creationist fossil models and other exhibits. In addition to its activities, KACR has published a bimonthly magazine called CREATION. The magazine covers subjects in the creation science. It also sponsored a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also created branches in local offices that offer talks and seminars to children and community groups. The evolution of South Korea In the latter half of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. 에볼루션 바카라 , or Korean dress, gave way to miniskirts and other fashion elements from abroad. In the same way, traditional Korean music styles were replaced by modern rock and roll and jazz. During this time the famous samulnori or masked dance-dramas, became popular with the general public. These dramatic pieces were performed to the beat of shaman drummers as well as other instruments. Korea's new model of development is being created in the wake of the economic crisis. The primary challenge for the new regime is to strike a balance between market-oriented and state-led economic policies. It also involves changing incentives, monitoring or disciplining schemes which have created the system prior to the crisis. These issues are covered in Chapters 3 and 4. The Baekje was founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established jointly by the people who lived along the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas and migrants from northern China. In the 4th century, in the early part of, Baekje was a major regional power, and expanded its territory as far as Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. It was therefore in constant conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies on the border. The fall of Silla in the late 8th and early 9th centuries saw powerful local factions to rise. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as the capital. He controlled a part of today's Jeolla province as well as Chungcheong. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju. He was an adversary to Goguryeo. However, his rule was short-lived. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935, and then united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla and later joined Baekje into Goryeo peacefully as a successor. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened the centrally-run system. This marked the end to the Three Kingdoms Period. From that point the Korean peninsula was under the control of the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually grew to become powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.